Foundation of Education Essay Example for Free

Foundation of Education Essay With the massive information explosion of the 21st century, the world has never moved so fast. As Patrick A Hyek (2012), Global Technology Sector Leader, Ernst Young, pointed out on technology and its impact to the world, â€Å"Ten to twenty years from now, we may look back on the present as the dawn of the Smart Era: a time when rapid and continuous innovation changed almost everything about the way we live†. The world is going virtually borderless. As of present, we can do almost everything online from shopping to banking, video conferencing in real time with people across continents as well as finding answers to almost everything we could possibly think of from online search engines. As far as education is concerned, the famous Khan Academy (www. khanacademy. org) has proved subject-based cognitive knowledge traditionally learnt in schools can be just as effectively obtained at one’s fingertips in the comfort of one’s own home. On the other hand, the unlimited flow of information has its drawbacks which cause many concerns for educators (Ornstein, A, Levine, D Gutek, G, 2010). How could we protect our children from inappropriate contents such as pornography, destructive information or violence accessible online? In addition to the overwhelming amount of information in the 21st century, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2012) addressed in their report that our new generation also face the crisis of depleting natural resources and global climate changes of the 21st century. As the world’s resources are depleting, people are pressured to compete against one another to survive. The reality is that there are serious problems in todays societies. Every day we hear tragic news about people killing each other, breaking the law, misconducting, corruption as well as natural disaster. As an educator, we are asking ourselves what role schools should play to prepare our next generation for these challenges posed by this information age. I believe that there has not been a more appropriate time than now to incorporate values in education as to elicit the human quality of our children in addition to the provision of academic knowledge. Since we cannot control technology and what comes with it, we should instead equip our children with the right values and inner strength which help them make the right call as to what is right and wrong in any given situation. This can be achieved by embedding human values such as respect for difference, moral, honesty, empathy and love for mankind into the school’s curriculum at all levels. As a result, our next generation will not only be knowledgeable but of a high human quality who will do the right things by themselves and others. For example, moral students would not imitate aggressive behaviour they saw on the internet or elsewhere because they consciously knew such behaviour was wrong. Moreover, it would be dangerous for schools to use subject-based curriculum which only focus on academic excellence in such a fast paced unlimited information age in which we live in today. Without moral and ethics, regardless of their intelligence, our children could grow up to be self-destructive, violent or harmful to themselves and society. Examples of destructive behaviour include that of terrorists who wrongly used their knowledge to harm other people. Teaching and Learning One of the current educational issues being discussed today concerning teaching and learning is what skills we need to teach our children for the 21st century. While many educators (Dominik Petko, 2012) worldwide have placed an emphasis on teaching information and communication technology, literacy skills that will allow students to make sense of the technology today, John Wilson (2008), former executive director of the National Education Association in Washington, DC, argued that for a world which is vastly transformed by technology, it is unpredictable what technology is coming next. Instead of focusing on the current technology which is likely to be replaced, educators should focus on developing transferable skills such as critical thinking and problem solving so that students can analyze information, apply knowledge to new situations as well as comprehend new ideas. These skills will make them capable to learn and adapt to any new technology to come. What is critical thinking? How could we teach critical thinking skills to our children? Critical Thinking as defined by Michael Scriven Richard Paul (1996), the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking is â€Å"the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action†. In essence, critical thinking is a disciplined manner of thought that a person uses to assess the validity of something, e. . statements, news stories, arguments, research, etc. (Beyer, B K, 1995). Experts (Angelo, T A, 1995, Cooper, J L, 1995, McDade, S A, 1995) asserted that critical thinking is best conveyed through constructivist learning approach such as Classroom Assessment Techniques (CAT), Cooperative Learning Strategies, Case study and discussion as well as Reciprocal Peer Questioning. An example of a Classroom Assessment Techniques is to ask students to answer questions such as What was the most important thing you learned in todays class? or â€Å"What question related to this session remains uppermost in your mind? (Angelo, T A, 1995). McDade (1995) suggested that teachers can facilitate students’ development of critical thinking through case study and discussion. A teacher may lead the class by presenting a case to the class without a conclusion. Using prepared questions, the teacher then leads students through a discussion, allowing students to construct a conclusion for the case. Reciprocal Peer Questioning is another teaching technique which fosters critical thinking (King, A, 1995). An example of Reciprocal Peer Questioning is by asking students a list of question such as, What are the strengths and weaknesses of a taught issue? † Students are asked to write questions about the lecture material. In small groups, the students ask each other the questions. Then, the whole class discusses some of the questions from each small group. Dr. Gwen Dewar (2009) suggests that critical thinking can be developed not only in school but at home where parents encourage students to questions and evaluate any everyday ife situations. In conclusion, in order for our children to cope well with the information technology age, we need to prepare our children to weed through the information and not just passively accept it (Oliver Utermohlen, 2005). They need to develop and effectively apply critical thinking skills to their academic studies, to the complex problems that they will face and to the critical choices they will be forced to make as a result of the information explosion and other rapid technological changes.

The Life and Sensibility of Jane Austen :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Life and Sensibility of Jane Austen        Ã‚   Jane Austen has often been considered a woman who led a narrow, inhibited life and who rarely traveled. These assertions are far from the truth. Jane Austen traveled more than most women of her time and was quite involved in the lives of her brothers, so much that it often interfered with her writing. Like most writers, Jane drew on her experiences and her dreams for the future and incorporated them into her writing. Her characters reflect the people around her; the main characters reflect parts of herself. In Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Mansfield Park, Elinor Dashwood, Elizabeth Bennet, and Fanny Price all reflect aspects of Jane Austen and dreams she had that were never fulfilled.    Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775, the sixth of seven children, to a rector and his wife. Jane was raised among books and began reading and writing at an early age. Her brother Henry said "her reading started very early," and it was difficult to say "at what age she was not intimately acquainted with the merits and defects of the best essays and novels in the English language" (Tomalin 67). Her earliest works date to age twelve, although she most likely wrote pieces before then. Her family often read Shakespeare together in the evenings. Her mother enjoyed writing verse and often wrote poetry to celebrate happy occasions. Jane grew up with an appreciation for writing and literature.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biographies about Jane Austen describe the facts of her life in a step-by-step manner. They tend to be repetitive since she did not leave behind a rich fabric of day-to-day life. Yet Jane Austen is known not because of the factual details of her life; she is not remembered two hundred years after her death because she had six siblings and was a wonderful aunt to her nieces and nephews. Rather, Jane Austen is remembered because of what she wrote, her "ouvre." Only through reading her literature does one get a taste of the real Jane Austen, the Jane Austen who dreamed and made plans for the future that failed to materialize. Therefore, I have attempted to describe the life of Jane Austen by interpreting her novels and picking three main characters who I feel most closely serve as her alter ego. A writer writes from his or her own experiences; only by analyzing Jane Austen's characters do we get an understanding of the true author.

General management assignment Essay

INTRODUCTION (kfc ) Micro environment factors which the organisation controls . eg employees product ,price ,place and promotion, it can be considered to be the local environment where business operates and owners are aware of the impacts that they are faced with. Macro environment factors are the ones which the organisation does not control and may affect the business . eg political , economic, social, legal and technological factors. the environment are always changing so the companies must always adapt. Market environtment the act outside marketing management ability to build and maintain a succefull relationship with customers ,the environment always change and both customers and marketers wonder what the future will bring MAIN BODY THE EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ORGANISATION MICRO ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL FACTORS CUSTOMERS All businesses need customers ,they should be well balanced around customers .The company`s marketing plan should aim to attract customers through products that meets their needs and wants and good customers service EMPLOYEE Employing staff with good skills and experience is essential. Employees bring an influence on your business via ongoing training and promotion opportunities ,this process begins at recruitment stage .Training and development play a critical role in achieving a competitive edge MEDIA Media can be printed ,televised or inline ,positive media can make the organisation or its product and negative media can break the organisation . an organisation needs to manage the media so that the media can help promote positive things about them and reduce negative event on their reputation. SUPPLIER Supplier provides the business with the goods they need to carry out their business activities. A suppliers behaviour will impact the business it suppliers If a supplier provides poor service this could increase timescales and product quality,and increase in raw material THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COMPETITIVE POSITION OF THE ORGANISATION MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS POLITIC This deals with the government policies and procedures which is worked out through legislation and consist of all legal factors such as Governmemt view on culture and religion. Taxation policy on tax rates and incentives. Political factor cans can create advantages and opportunities for organisation. ECONOMIC KFC organisation is affected with national and global economic factors like cost of labour, interest and inflation rates ,economic growth rates business cycle rates and unemployment rates. due to recession the income of the kfc has dropped down and most of the employees were jobless and the rest employees were employees few hours also the company had to cut down their costs SOCIAL It is the cultural and demographic aspects of the external macro environment. the pontential of the employees who come from different back grounds and work together in the kfc , and customer trends and aspects which the kfc has to consider as per their needs and wants of the customer such as changes in lifestyles and change in customers needs and wants. TECHNOLOGY This is driven internationally which reduce s the minimum of production levels and some of the technological factors are recent technological developments. Communication technology has now become the most important aspect in kfc as when the customers are mostly delighted and satisfied with the service including the latest technology that is available in the Kfc.  the latest technological method that are used to serve customers faster are such as digital screens ,wireless head phone for the staff cooking utensils. LEGAL The kfc has to maintain rule and regulations related to the hygiene factors such as employee training regarding the food and safety, personal hygiene ,Clean work environment and proper use of the utensils .this also deals with the legal environment in which the company operates. ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING Strength ,Weaknesses. Opportunities and threats .Managers will have to start analyzing the internal environment by looking into ineffciencies inside the organisation and will also look outside to the external environment and things taking place independent of the organisation. environmental scans allow managers to use the knowledge gained during the scanning process to decide what strategic steps the organisation needs to take to create a competitive advantage. CONCLUTION Training and development ,managers help with day to day running of the organisation.the must be responsible in creating an energetic and valuable work environment and customer service .Ensuraing quality products and cleanliness is delivered to all customers at good speed and with a smile . QUESTION 2 2.1 READ THE CASE study one from chapter three of your prescribed textbook 2.1.1 Answer question 1to 3 from the case study 1. Do you think there is a business opportunity for a cigar bar in Mamelodi ? There is no business opportunity in Mamelodi because there are three cigar bars in opened and the target market is so young. 2. Is the window of opportunity still open for cigar bars ? Window of opportunities is not opened ,because already they have three cigar Bars which their their target market is young. 3. How must Sanyana go about exploiting this opportunity to get started ? Sanyana must go to an area that is has no cigar bars and busy market 2.2 You have been appointed as a functional manager .You are in charge of marketing department .You need to revise the current marketing strategy. Answer the following questions in light of your new appointment and job task: How can you apply planning, organising , leading and control to manage this department? Managing a department is skill that requires good planning and development and enables the manager to devise strategies, make decisions and implement action. Planning is the process of determining in advance what cost regardless of whether it is a long term priorities. Selecting, Motivating, training and appraising staff. Establishing Strustures and systems through which activities are arranged. Making decisions embodying decisions in instructions an serving as the leader of the department interrelating the various parts of the work . What skills you need to use and develop in order to manage this department? People skill – people tend to work with those whom they like or find pleasant to be around ,or atleast have good personalities when dealing with clients. . Technological skill – In the world that we are living in marketing professionals must have the technological skills to take advantage of these mediums .Marketing through social networking allows the communication of media campaigns and marketing promotions in realtimeto consumers . Project management skill – Marketing must display the skill set to conduct agile project management where marketing campaigns take advantage of the micro opportunities. . Marketing Research skill – This can help determine how previous products in the market have been presented to consumers and how a new productcan best be attack the market . Is decision making essential for future planning ?explain why Decision need  to made wisely under modifying circumstances with different amount of knowledge about alternatives and consequences.  In extention the decision making is often a group process. Consequently the manager must apply principles of democratic decision making since those involved in the decision making process will feel an interest in the result of the process. You need to evaluate employees in the department. how can â€Å"control† assist you with performance appraisal Employees are going to be appraised on all areas that they are responsible for by means of scoring system on how they are doing with their present duties fair , good or very good .that appraisal can be a great tool to monitor and control performance on their duties.

Transitional Fossils - Evolution Definition

Since Charles Darwin first came up with the Theory of Evolution and his idea of natural selection, evolution has been a controversial subject for many people. While supporters of the Theory point to the seemingly unending mountain of evidence for evolution, critics still deny that evolution is truly a fact. One of the most common arguments against evolution is that there are many gaps or missing links within the fossil record. These missing links would be what scientists consider to be transitional fossils. Transitional fossils are remnants of an organism that came in between a known version of a species and the current species. Allegedly, transitional fossils would be evidence for evolution because it would show intermediate forms of a species and they changed and accumulated adaptations at a slow pace. Unfortunately, since the fossil record is incomplete, there are many missing transitional fossils that could silence the critics of evolution. Without this evidence, opponents of the Theory claim that these transitional forms must not have existed and that means evolution is not correct. However, there are other ways to explain the absence of some of the transitional fossils. One explanation is found in the way fossils are made. It is very rare that a dead organism becomes a fossil. First, the organism has to die in the right area. This area must have some sort of water with sediments like mud or clay, or the organism must be preserved in tar, amber, or ice. Then even if it is in the right location, it is not guaranteed it will become fossilized. Intense heat and pressure over very long periods of time is needed to encase the organism within a sedimentary rock that will eventually become the fossil. Also, only hard parts of the body like bones and teeth are conducive to surviving this process to become a fossil. Even if a fossil of a transitional organism did happen to be made, that fossil may not survive geological changes on Earth over time. Rocks are constantly being broken, melted, and changed into different types of rocks in the rock cycle. This includes any sedimentary rocks that may have had fossils in them at one time. Also, layers of rock are laid down over top of one another. The Law of Superposition asserts that the older layers of rock are on the bottom of the pile, while the newer or younger layers of sedimentary rock that are laid down by external forces like wind and rain are closer to the top. Considering some of the transitional fossils that have yet to be found are millions of years old, it could be that they just have yet to be found. The transitional fossils could be out there still, but scientists just have not dug down deep enough to get to them. These transitional fossils may also be found in an area that has not yet been explored and excavated. There is still a possibility that someone will yet discover these missing links as more of the Earth gets explored by paleontologists and archaeologists in the field. Another possible explanation for a lack of transitional fossils would be one of the hypotheses as to how fast evolution happens. While Darwin asserted these adaptations and mutations happened and built up slowly in a process called gradualism, other scientists believe in the idea large changes that happened all at once suddenly, or punctuated equilibrium. If the correct pattern of evolution is punctuated equilibrium, then there would be no transitional organisms to leave transitional fossils. Therefore, the fabled missing link would not exist and this argument against evolution would no longer be valid.

How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 572 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Public relations in business can be explained as the method various businesses use to converse with their consumers. The importance of public relations is that it plays a major role in reputation and building strategies of any business. With the increasingly changing business world, consumers are able to access any information they may require about any business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer" essay for you Create order Businesses therefore have to check on transparency and credibility in order to attract more consumers whilst maintaining consumer base. This implies that the impact of public relations on consumers is highly positive. The weight of the impact of public relations can be explained by its objectives which include providing information, product awareness, stimulating demand and creating interest. This research aims at researching the weight public relations has on consumers. Public relation through media coverage shapes the insight of consumers towards a certain brand (jenna, n..p). As leading information is made available to consumers, the opinion of the particular brands or the business changes. The change may be positive or negative depending on the news brought by the media. To measure the weight of public relation through press coverage, I shall provide   list of several brands to survey respondents. Some of the brands have had negative press coverage. From the figure above, the brands that had negative press coverage also received negative perception from the consumers (jenna, n..p). The perception of consumers towards a certain brand determines their likelihood to purchase that commodity. All the same, public relations is able to change the perception of consumers by providing positive news and creating more awareness (Dodd, n..p). The weight of the effect of public relations on the fidelity of consumers is resilient and more substantial when the brand image is favorable. Public relations play a major role in making strategic decisions that help in managing organization’s behavior. Public relations ensures quality production of commodities. When a certain business is able to produce quality products, then more consumers will flow towards that direction. In other words, public relations helps catch the attention of consumers. It is a linking action which strengthens relationships with consumers and stakeholders. For instance, a company such as Samsung is known for producing quality products that are loved by most consumers. In this case, it might not be due to media coverage, but due to proper public relation strategies to produce quality goods as per the consumer need (Hsieh et al., 26-42). Managing organization behavior also involves setting a code of ethics for employees and dealing with negative reviews and negative media coverage. As they say, ‘charity begins at home’, the same applies to all businesses. Creating a good image o f your company may attract more consumers. For instance, if Samsung customer service department employed unqualified personnels, then their brand name might have poor ratings from consumers. If a business has its operations kept on point, that is, perfect customer service, quality products and good organization behavior in general, then it is easy for them to achieve consumer loyalty at a high rate (Hsieh et al., 26-42). This case may also help in neutralizing native PR from the media and social platforms. A good example can be explained by Samsung company. It might be very difficult for its consumers to shift to another brand due to bad information from the media. This is because they know about the products from the company and their employees are always helpful to them.

A Critical Comparison of Gothic Architecture in Italy,...

Gothic was first used as a term of contempt during the late renaissance. The Goths were barbarians- which leads to many theories as to why Goth was the chosen title for a style that required extreme engineering as well as technical and artistic know how. Since then vast efforts have been made to rename the style with a term that better encompasses the idea of gothic style. The Gothic style was an over exaggerated, awe-inspiring attempt to become closer to God. The worshipper was not only drawn to the altar, but experienced an ascent to heaven at the same time.1 These artistic gems are a grand testament to historical technology and the imaginative approach and vision of skilled craftsmen. The gothic style is one of the most†¦show more content†¦(Figure 1.2) Abbot Suger, head of St. Denis Abbey, believed that St. Denis should be the spiritual center of France. He also felt that St. Denis should be the pilgrimage church to outshine all others as well as provide a focal point for all religious and patriotic emotion for the French people. 3 He had grand visions for his church, which were carried out by an anonymous master builder. Through the use of sketching techniques (the ability to create fast, understandable views of objects with only a pencil and a piece of paper- still used by engineers, designers, architects, builders, and craftsmen, today), the French had developed greater animation in their gothic decoration than their followers. They emphasized soaring heights and light qualities that were later adopted across Europe. The French flying buttresses became so elaborate that they had the appearance of being purely ornamental, which led to this period being coined flamboyant. Although many areas of Europe had accepted and adopted the style, the French buildings were generally vaster and more commanding in scale. (Figure 1.3) Outside France the regional adaptations of the style are much less distinctive. In Germany the gothic expression was slow to evolve. This evolution from the beginning was a mesh of pieces borrowed from the French. One theory about this slow evolution is that, in the 12th century Germany possessed a Romanesque architectural style, which was well suited toShow MoreRelatedThe Basilica Of St Denis2337 Words   |  10 Pagesthis essay I intend to compare and contrast the Basilica of St. Sernin and Basilica of St Denis in France with references to how they differ structurally (as Romanesque and Gothic buildings respectively) followed by critical analysis of the advancements in architectural construction methods. The progression in architectural capability from Romanesque to Gothic led to a change in how religious architecture was approached spatially, with far greater emphasis on the use of light and a desire for greater

Corporate Social Responsibility Critics of CSR Claim

Question: Describe about the Corporate Social Responsibility for the Critics of CSR Claim. Answer: In the recent times, there has been a definitive shift from the shareholder theory in favour of the stakeholder theory which views a corporation as an active member of the society which should be sensitive to the concerns of the society. As a result, it is widely expected that companies engage in CSR activities so that societal issues could be addressed through proactive efforts. This is beneficial to the society and in turn enables the company to earn a positive image and hence seems to a win-win situation atleast theoretically (Crane and Matten, 2010). However, critics have indicated companies do not invest in CSR activities so as to benefit the society but instead engage in greenwashing and thus aim to garner incremental business in the pretext of being socially responsible (Smith, 2003). In wake of the above, the central thesis is to analyse if CSR amounts to mere rhetoric and tokenism and thus could is comparable to greenwashing. From the perspective of a business and the shareholders, engaging in CSR would make sense if the same would be reflected in enhanced financial performance. In this regard, it is noteworthy that Friedman opined on CSR that the responsibilities of the firm are limited to maximisation of profits for the shareholders. In this era of heightened sensitivity to environmental concern, the above definition may seem outrightly ugly (Sen and Bhattacharya, 2001). However, the available literature tends to support the above theory. This is despite the fact that the modern day corporations on the surface tend to be more sensitive to sustainability concerns, but quite often it is mere statements which they engage in so as to cope up with the growing sensitiveness in the society about these concerns (Crane and Matten, 2010). However, it is noteworthy that plethora of available literature does not conclusively develop a positive relationship between social environmental performance and financial performance. One of the reasons attributing to this conclusion is the fact that there is lack of objective measuring techniques for social environmental performance in financial terms. Even though, research is being done on developing accounting standards for sustainability but these are not considered reliable by the stakeholders and have limited use. As a result, the engagement of the managers in CSR activities is limited in size and scope and driven by a host of considerations. One of the key considerations in this regard is whether the spending on the CSR activities enables the companies to build value for the shareholders (Salzmann, Ionescu-Somers and Steger, 2005).. Further, certain empirical studies also point to CSR spending not actually amounting to tangible gains for the company. In their study, Pomering and Dolnicar (2009) argue that in the context of banks, the consumers in Australia were largely unaware of the CSR initiatives being pursued. Further, Vogel (2008) highlighted the fact that for majority of the customers, there are a host of factors that are significantly more influential as compared to CSR in the purchasing decisions. The segment of ethical products essentially remains very niche which does not make a strong case for businesses to engage actively in CSR. Besides, the firms also lack ethical consistency which makes the underlying decision making difficult for even ethical consumers. As per Sen and Bhattacharya (2001), negative CSR invoke reactions from all the consumers but the positive CSR only invokes reaction from only those consumers who support CSR. As a result, managers tend to extent support only to those positive acti vities of CSR which are justified on the basis of expected response from the consumers. In relation to CSR, it is widely seen as an expansive PR or Public Relation activity. Since the available literature suggests that CSR does impact the consumer behaviour, hence CSR is reduced to mere greenwashing for improving the image of the company and also to ward off the negative perceptions and concerns about the activities of the company (Kamani, 2010). A leading case related to this regard was filed against Nike in 2002. This case was filed in the US Supreme Court and accused the company of making false statement to overcome the criticism. The company defended its statements in the court by arguing that these were of commercial nature and hence cannot be assumed to be necessarily true. Nike also found support from other big corporates and media houses which advocated that claims made by the company in relation to the social issues, human rights and environmental concerns do not have to be legally correct or else the companies and their executives would have to stop issuing st atements all together (Corporate Watch, nd). The concern on the part of the companies and media houses about legal liability is conclusively reflexive of the fact that these statements in the public and press releases are a part of the PR exercise and essentially intended to highlight to the consumers that the company is sensitive to social and environmental concerns. However, it does not imply that the same would be reflected in the corporate decision making which essentially is driven by profiteering. Besides, it is also believed that companies engage in CSR activities so as to prevent regulation which the government may have to frame in response to negative externalities (Kamani, 2010). As a result, the companies especially engaged in businesses having significant negative externality such as mining tend to emphasise more on CSR activities as a measure to minimise the impact of the negative CSR. Thus, essentially CSR is reduced to the status of a PR exercise with the intention of creation of positive image (Crane and Matten, 2010). Hence, from the above discussion it is true that CSR does not amount to much more than greenwashing. The primary reason for the same as established from the above analysis is the fact that there isnt a strong business case for indulging in CSR activities for the companies. The decision making authorities tend to only respond to CSR projects which can be financially justified. Further, the benefits of CSR on financial performance are also not established by the existing literature. As a result, the endeavour of the firms is restricted to limiting the damage caused through negative PR. References Corporate Watch (n.d.), WHAT'S WRONG WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? :The arguments against CSR, [Online] Available at https://corporatewatch.org/content/whats-wrong-corporate-social-responsibility-arguments-against-csr (Accessed on December 12, 2016) Crane, A. and Matten, D. (2010), Business Ethics, 3rd ed, New York: Oxford University Press Karnani, A. (2010), The Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility, Wall Street Journal, [Online] Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703338004575230112664504890 (Accessed on December 12, 2016) Pomering, A., Dolnicar, S. (2009, April). Assessing the prerequisite of successful CSR implementation: Are consumers aware of CSR initiatives? Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 285-301 Salzmann, O., Ionescu-Somers, A. and Steger, U. (2005), The Business Case for Corporate Sustainability: Literature Review and Research Options, European Management Journal, 23(1), pp. 2736 Sen, S. and Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001), Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility, Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 38(2), pp. 225-240 Smith, H. J. (2003). The shareholders vs. stakeholders debate, MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(4), pp. 85-90 Vogel, D. (2008). CSR doesnt pay. Forbes, [Online] Available at https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/16/csr-doesnt-pay-lead-corprespons08- cx_dv_1016vogel.html (Accessed on December 11, 2016)