How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 572 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Public relations in business can be explained as the method various businesses use to converse with their consumers. The importance of public relations is that it plays a major role in reputation and building strategies of any business. With the increasingly changing business world, consumers are able to access any information they may require about any business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer" essay for you Create order Businesses therefore have to check on transparency and credibility in order to attract more consumers whilst maintaining consumer base. This implies that the impact of public relations on consumers is highly positive. The weight of the impact of public relations can be explained by its objectives which include providing information, product awareness, stimulating demand and creating interest. This research aims at researching the weight public relations has on consumers. Public relation through media coverage shapes the insight of consumers towards a certain brand (jenna, n..p). As leading information is made available to consumers, the opinion of the particular brands or the business changes. The change may be positive or negative depending on the news brought by the media. To measure the weight of public relation through press coverage, I shall provide   list of several brands to survey respondents. Some of the brands have had negative press coverage. From the figure above, the brands that had negative press coverage also received negative perception from the consumers (jenna, n..p). The perception of consumers towards a certain brand determines their likelihood to purchase that commodity. All the same, public relations is able to change the perception of consumers by providing positive news and creating more awareness (Dodd, n..p). The weight of the effect of public relations on the fidelity of consumers is resilient and more substantial when the brand image is favorable. Public relations play a major role in making strategic decisions that help in managing organization’s behavior. Public relations ensures quality production of commodities. When a certain business is able to produce quality products, then more consumers will flow towards that direction. In other words, public relations helps catch the attention of consumers. It is a linking action which strengthens relationships with consumers and stakeholders. For instance, a company such as Samsung is known for producing quality products that are loved by most consumers. In this case, it might not be due to media coverage, but due to proper public relation strategies to produce quality goods as per the consumer need (Hsieh et al., 26-42). Managing organization behavior also involves setting a code of ethics for employees and dealing with negative reviews and negative media coverage. As they say, ‘charity begins at home’, the same applies to all businesses. Creating a good image o f your company may attract more consumers. For instance, if Samsung customer service department employed unqualified personnels, then their brand name might have poor ratings from consumers. If a business has its operations kept on point, that is, perfect customer service, quality products and good organization behavior in general, then it is easy for them to achieve consumer loyalty at a high rate (Hsieh et al., 26-42). This case may also help in neutralizing native PR from the media and social platforms. A good example can be explained by Samsung company. It might be very difficult for its consumers to shift to another brand due to bad information from the media. This is because they know about the products from the company and their employees are always helpful to them.

A Critical Comparison of Gothic Architecture in Italy,...

Gothic was first used as a term of contempt during the late renaissance. The Goths were barbarians- which leads to many theories as to why Goth was the chosen title for a style that required extreme engineering as well as technical and artistic know how. Since then vast efforts have been made to rename the style with a term that better encompasses the idea of gothic style. The Gothic style was an over exaggerated, awe-inspiring attempt to become closer to God. The worshipper was not only drawn to the altar, but experienced an ascent to heaven at the same time.1 These artistic gems are a grand testament to historical technology and the imaginative approach and vision of skilled craftsmen. The gothic style is one of the most†¦show more content†¦(Figure 1.2) Abbot Suger, head of St. Denis Abbey, believed that St. Denis should be the spiritual center of France. He also felt that St. Denis should be the pilgrimage church to outshine all others as well as provide a focal point for all religious and patriotic emotion for the French people. 3 He had grand visions for his church, which were carried out by an anonymous master builder. Through the use of sketching techniques (the ability to create fast, understandable views of objects with only a pencil and a piece of paper- still used by engineers, designers, architects, builders, and craftsmen, today), the French had developed greater animation in their gothic decoration than their followers. They emphasized soaring heights and light qualities that were later adopted across Europe. The French flying buttresses became so elaborate that they had the appearance of being purely ornamental, which led to this period being coined flamboyant. Although many areas of Europe had accepted and adopted the style, the French buildings were generally vaster and more commanding in scale. (Figure 1.3) Outside France the regional adaptations of the style are much less distinctive. In Germany the gothic expression was slow to evolve. This evolution from the beginning was a mesh of pieces borrowed from the French. One theory about this slow evolution is that, in the 12th century Germany possessed a Romanesque architectural style, which was well suited toShow MoreRelatedThe Basilica Of St Denis2337 Words   |  10 Pagesthis essay I intend to compare and contrast the Basilica of St. Sernin and Basilica of St Denis in France with references to how they differ structurally (as Romanesque and Gothic buildings respectively) followed by critical analysis of the advancements in architectural construction methods. The progression in architectural capability from Romanesque to Gothic led to a change in how religious architecture was approached spatially, with far greater emphasis on the use of light and a desire for greater

Corporate Social Responsibility Critics of CSR Claim

Question: Describe about the Corporate Social Responsibility for the Critics of CSR Claim. Answer: In the recent times, there has been a definitive shift from the shareholder theory in favour of the stakeholder theory which views a corporation as an active member of the society which should be sensitive to the concerns of the society. As a result, it is widely expected that companies engage in CSR activities so that societal issues could be addressed through proactive efforts. This is beneficial to the society and in turn enables the company to earn a positive image and hence seems to a win-win situation atleast theoretically (Crane and Matten, 2010). However, critics have indicated companies do not invest in CSR activities so as to benefit the society but instead engage in greenwashing and thus aim to garner incremental business in the pretext of being socially responsible (Smith, 2003). In wake of the above, the central thesis is to analyse if CSR amounts to mere rhetoric and tokenism and thus could is comparable to greenwashing. From the perspective of a business and the shareholders, engaging in CSR would make sense if the same would be reflected in enhanced financial performance. In this regard, it is noteworthy that Friedman opined on CSR that the responsibilities of the firm are limited to maximisation of profits for the shareholders. In this era of heightened sensitivity to environmental concern, the above definition may seem outrightly ugly (Sen and Bhattacharya, 2001). However, the available literature tends to support the above theory. This is despite the fact that the modern day corporations on the surface tend to be more sensitive to sustainability concerns, but quite often it is mere statements which they engage in so as to cope up with the growing sensitiveness in the society about these concerns (Crane and Matten, 2010). However, it is noteworthy that plethora of available literature does not conclusively develop a positive relationship between social environmental performance and financial performance. One of the reasons attributing to this conclusion is the fact that there is lack of objective measuring techniques for social environmental performance in financial terms. Even though, research is being done on developing accounting standards for sustainability but these are not considered reliable by the stakeholders and have limited use. As a result, the engagement of the managers in CSR activities is limited in size and scope and driven by a host of considerations. One of the key considerations in this regard is whether the spending on the CSR activities enables the companies to build value for the shareholders (Salzmann, Ionescu-Somers and Steger, 2005).. Further, certain empirical studies also point to CSR spending not actually amounting to tangible gains for the company. In their study, Pomering and Dolnicar (2009) argue that in the context of banks, the consumers in Australia were largely unaware of the CSR initiatives being pursued. Further, Vogel (2008) highlighted the fact that for majority of the customers, there are a host of factors that are significantly more influential as compared to CSR in the purchasing decisions. The segment of ethical products essentially remains very niche which does not make a strong case for businesses to engage actively in CSR. Besides, the firms also lack ethical consistency which makes the underlying decision making difficult for even ethical consumers. As per Sen and Bhattacharya (2001), negative CSR invoke reactions from all the consumers but the positive CSR only invokes reaction from only those consumers who support CSR. As a result, managers tend to extent support only to those positive acti vities of CSR which are justified on the basis of expected response from the consumers. In relation to CSR, it is widely seen as an expansive PR or Public Relation activity. Since the available literature suggests that CSR does impact the consumer behaviour, hence CSR is reduced to mere greenwashing for improving the image of the company and also to ward off the negative perceptions and concerns about the activities of the company (Kamani, 2010). A leading case related to this regard was filed against Nike in 2002. This case was filed in the US Supreme Court and accused the company of making false statement to overcome the criticism. The company defended its statements in the court by arguing that these were of commercial nature and hence cannot be assumed to be necessarily true. Nike also found support from other big corporates and media houses which advocated that claims made by the company in relation to the social issues, human rights and environmental concerns do not have to be legally correct or else the companies and their executives would have to stop issuing st atements all together (Corporate Watch, nd). The concern on the part of the companies and media houses about legal liability is conclusively reflexive of the fact that these statements in the public and press releases are a part of the PR exercise and essentially intended to highlight to the consumers that the company is sensitive to social and environmental concerns. However, it does not imply that the same would be reflected in the corporate decision making which essentially is driven by profiteering. Besides, it is also believed that companies engage in CSR activities so as to prevent regulation which the government may have to frame in response to negative externalities (Kamani, 2010). As a result, the companies especially engaged in businesses having significant negative externality such as mining tend to emphasise more on CSR activities as a measure to minimise the impact of the negative CSR. Thus, essentially CSR is reduced to the status of a PR exercise with the intention of creation of positive image (Crane and Matten, 2010). Hence, from the above discussion it is true that CSR does not amount to much more than greenwashing. The primary reason for the same as established from the above analysis is the fact that there isnt a strong business case for indulging in CSR activities for the companies. The decision making authorities tend to only respond to CSR projects which can be financially justified. Further, the benefits of CSR on financial performance are also not established by the existing literature. As a result, the endeavour of the firms is restricted to limiting the damage caused through negative PR. References Corporate Watch (n.d.), WHAT'S WRONG WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? :The arguments against CSR, [Online] Available at https://corporatewatch.org/content/whats-wrong-corporate-social-responsibility-arguments-against-csr (Accessed on December 12, 2016) Crane, A. and Matten, D. (2010), Business Ethics, 3rd ed, New York: Oxford University Press Karnani, A. (2010), The Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility, Wall Street Journal, [Online] Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703338004575230112664504890 (Accessed on December 12, 2016) Pomering, A., Dolnicar, S. (2009, April). Assessing the prerequisite of successful CSR implementation: Are consumers aware of CSR initiatives? Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 285-301 Salzmann, O., Ionescu-Somers, A. and Steger, U. (2005), The Business Case for Corporate Sustainability: Literature Review and Research Options, European Management Journal, 23(1), pp. 2736 Sen, S. and Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001), Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility, Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 38(2), pp. 225-240 Smith, H. J. (2003). The shareholders vs. stakeholders debate, MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(4), pp. 85-90 Vogel, D. (2008). CSR doesnt pay. Forbes, [Online] Available at https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/16/csr-doesnt-pay-lead-corprespons08- cx_dv_1016vogel.html (Accessed on December 11, 2016)

The Evolution Of Man Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Evolution Of Man Essay, Research Paper The Evolution of Man Ben Bader Worlds have existed on the Earth for about 3.4 million old ages. At least, that? s from when the oldest human ascendants have been found. The oldest known homo is the dodo # 8220 ; Lucy, # 8221 ; an Australopithecus, discovered by Donald Johnson and M. Taieb. Australopithecines looked more like Primatess than contemporary Homo Sapiens ; they walked semi-upright, they had low, inclining brows, stick outing jaws, about no facial looks, thick organic structure hair, and were about three pess tall. Over three and a half million old ages, worlds have evolved greatly. We have grown from 3 to about 6 pess, lost most of our organic structure hair, become slender and adapted to walking, and adult encephalons over three times every bit big as the first Australopithecines. Besides all this, worlds ( Homo Sapiens ) have developed an advanced stuff civilization. Now, alternatively of life in trees and delving nutrient from the land with sticks, we live in huge metropoliss of 1000000s and purcha se our nutrient from the local food market shop with money ( another recent development ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution Of Man Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Worlds have come a long manner, from Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens. But we are besides like the Primatess in many ways, excessively. We have the same basic organic structure construction. Their custodies are basically merely like ours, except that they wear? Ts have apposable pollexs. Their pess are similar to ours, merely with longer toes for gripping. And our faces are really similar as good. However, we still have come a long manner from populating in trees to populating in metropoliss. Slowly, through 100s of 1000s of old ages, we mutated clip and clip once more, natural choice guaranting that no harmful mutants continued. From the slow procedure of development, four distinct species emerged and died out, each giving manner to its? replacement: Homosexual Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis, and eventually, Homo sapiens Sapiens. We? ve come a long manner over our brief ( 3.4 million old ages ) being on Earth. The first major measure taking to Homo sapiens Sapiens was walking unsloped, or going bipedal. The Australopithecines were the first to make this, albeit instead clumsily. Their pace was, judging by their bone construction, was unsteady at best, and they likely chiefly were four-footed ( walking on all 4s ) . They besides retained the ability to mount trees. The oldest Australopithecus dodo is Lucy, an Australopithecus Afarensis. Over 40 % of her skeleton was found integral, doing Lucy one of the most complete Australopithecus finds every bit good as the oldest. The Australopithecines had a encephalon about the size of an orange ( 400-550cc ) , outstanding zygomatic bones, and to a great extent enameled grinders. They were about three pess tall, and had little, developing pollexs. Their toes were besides slightly shorter than other Primatess. Australopithecines, while decidedly possessing some human features, were still much closer to the Pan troglodytess and gorillas that we evolved from, so it is safe to presume that they lived similar lives to other Primatess. They likely, judging from agreements of dodos at sites, lived in one topographic point in little groups. It is assumed that, like gorillas, one male dominated a group of Australopithecines. We assume this because of their sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is a noticeable difference in the sizes of males and females in a species. It is normally the males who are larger ; in the instance of Australopithecines, the males were larger. We know they lived in groups because fossil groups of Australopithecines are frequently found with more than 5 persons in the same topographic point. One site had 13 dead in the same topographic point. While Australopithecines are most likely direct ascendants of contemporary worlds, they were still comparatively stupid. Their tools, if any, were limited to sticks and stones found on the land. Australopithecines were vegetarians ; even if they knew that animate beings were comestible, they still had no dependable agencies of killing animate beings for nutrient. That came with the development of Homo Habilis. About 2 million old ages ago, extremely evolved Australopithecines made the cardinal realisation that so can act upon their environment ; they made the first tools, began working resources, and made the displacement to Homo Habilis at the same clip. Homo Habilis is the earliest known member of the Homo genus, and has been found merely in Africa. Besides a encephalon size 50 % larger than Australopithecus, Homo Habilis was taller, had an about hairless face, and flatter anterior nariss. They were taller than Australopithecines, and were going omnivorous. Homo Habilis had, among other things, discovered that meat was comestible. They began scavenging dead meat, and added it to their normal vegetarian diets. We know this because of their dentitions. Homo Habilis had grown big incisors, merely right for rupturing balls of meat. They besides had grown wisdom teeth, or a 3rd grinder. They are besides required for masticating meat. The most of import development in Homo Habilis, nevertheless, is linguistic communication. With their larger intellectual cerebral mantle, the had unbelievable ( for the clip ) abilities in logical thinking, thought, and memory. They besides hunted, which was a group activity necessitating preciseness, truth, planning, and silence. Therefore, alternatively of the oinks and screams of their ascendants, Homo Habilis likely developed manus signals and facial looks which conveyed intending for usage in runing parties ; this was the first symbolic communicating. These signals became more complex, and manus signals were developed to stand for abstract constructs ( good, evil, etc ) . Then, the manus signals became organized and combined with sounds to make a rough signifier of linguistic communication. This, along with the tool civilization that had come approximately, created the foundations of an advanced c ivilization. Homosexual Habilis were wholly two-footed, and had lost the tree-climbing ability with the manus and pes development. They had a greatly reduced forehead ridge, and the beginnings of a mentum. Homo Habilis was 3.7 to 4.2 pess tall on norm. Homo Habilis had, as told above, made the first tools. They were crude tools, and the most complex tool made was the chopper, the predecessor to the axe. Homo Habilis dominated Africa until approximately 1.6 million old ages ago, when Homo Erectus emerged, doing their eventual extinction. Homo Erectus was the following measure in human development, and had a much larger encephalon ( 1060 milliliter ) than Homo Habilis. The name # 8220 ; Homo Erectus # 8221 ; means # 8220 ; Man who Walks Upright, # 8221 ; which means practically nil as all members of the Homo genus walked unsloped. There were really few physical alterations from Homo Habilis to Homo Erectus besides the larger encephalon ; the most noticeable alterations were a lighter, more delicate jaw and smaller dentition. The brow-ridge was besides somewhat larger than Homosexual Habilis? . There was still about no mentum, and the brow still sloped back, merely non every bit much. Homo Erectus had developed tool-making to an art, come offing off little flakes alternatively of big flakes to acquire more control of the tools they were doing ; they besides wholly chipped off the surface of the rock they were working, doing tools impossible to do with the tool-making manners of Homo Habilis. The standardised manus axe was invented by the Homo Erectus every bit good. Homo Erectus? greatest achievement, nevertheless, was go forthing Africa. They were the first to traverse over into Asia and Europe, distributing worlds throughout most of the universe. The first Homo Erectus dodo found outside of Africa were on the island Java from 1891 to 1894. Because of this, Homo Erectus was originally called the # 8220 ; Java Man. # 8221 ; Because they were found on a island, we can surmise that there was an ice age traveling on when Homo Erectus began migrating. Homo Erectus did non do canoes and the merely other manner, besides swimming for stat mis, was traversing land Bridgess exposed merely during ice ages. As the early worlds moved off from the intense sunlight and heat of the equator, they began accommodating to the lesser grades of Sun by a fluctuation of the melanin in their tegument ; therefore the worlds of eastern Asia have a xanthous tegument and Europeans tend towards white tegument. Homo Ere ctus lived until about 100, 000 old ages ago, when Homosexual sapiens Neanderthalesis took their topographic point. Homosexual sapiens Neanderthalesis, normally knows merely as Neandertal mans, lived about wholly during the most recent Ice Age. Homo sapiens Sapiens are non straight descended from Neanderthals ; Neandertal mans evolved from Homo Erectus in Europe 10s of 1000s of old ages before Homosexual sapiens Sapiens evolved in Africa. The physical differences between Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis and Homo Erectus are great. While non much taller, Neandertal mans were built really otherwise: they were really wide and compact, with broad hips and a bow-legged stance. They had really big encephalons ; they were larger, on norm, than those of modern worlds. Most of this development, nevertheless, was in the rear of the encephalon, which handled memory. Neandertal mans likely could retrieve merely about everything that had of all time happened to them, but did non hold the believing power of modern worlds. Homosexual sapiens Neanderthalesis besides had a low, inclining brow with a really dominant fo rehead ridge, and no mentum, looking more like Homo Habilis than Homo Erectus. The tools of the Neanderthals, though, were far superior to anything made before. Alternatively of utilizing standard choppers and manus axes made of rock, Neanderthals used a technique called flint raping to make four distinguishable types of tools: points for hunting, burins ( chisels ) for cutting channels, bore bits for doing holes in soft stuffs, and drills for doing holes in harder stuffs. The vesture worn by Neanderthals was besides different from Homo Erectus. Because of the ferocious cold, Neanderthals wore midst, heavy animate being teguments in the long winter months to maintain out the cold, whereas before merely light vesture was worn. The society of Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis was really advanced, and was the first society where the old and ill were cared for alternatively of left to decease. This evinces the importance of mental abilities in the Neanderthal society. Boorish civilization wa s a patriarchate, dominated by the work forces. The work forces hunted animate beings while the adult females were subservient and collected roots, berries and all manners of workss for nutrient and medical specialty. Work force were besides the lone 1s allowed to take part in the sanctum ceremonials, led by male priests. It was a rigorous caste system, each individual holding a function in the group for their full lives. It was unlike anything seen before. It was likely this rigorous, stiff society that was the ruin of Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis. They died all of a sudden, merely a few thousand old ages after the first contact with Homo sapiens Sapiens. Cipher knows why, but competition between the two and the dilution of lineages through hybridization are the two most favorite theories. But for whatever grounds, Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis became nonextant 35,000 old ages ago. The decease of Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis left Homo sapiens Archaic ( Cro-Magnons ) the dominant human species. Cro-magnons were non significantly different from contemporary worlds ; Cro-Magnon is more of a social name than a species unto itself. Homosexual sapiens Archaic was really different from Homosexual sapiens Neanderthalesis. They were tall and slender with about no organic structure hair. They had a high brow, a rounded skull and no forehead ridge. Another new add-on was a protruding mentum. In other words, if a Cro-Magnon were to walk down the street, you wouldn? T be able to state him apart from the other people. Cro-magnons were really advanced ; they had a complete vocal linguistic communication, ( Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis had an inferior voice box ) , and they had the most advanced tools in the universe. Most of their tools were made of bone, and their apparels were made of leather sewn together with bone acerate leafs. There were besides bone fishing maulerss, a nd the first boats were made by the Cro-magnons as good. In Homosexual sapiens Archaic society, the old and lame were still cared for, and it was still a patriarchate ( perchance this was acquired from the Neanderthals via cultural diffusion ) , but it was non a stiff caste system. It was a flexible, advanced system where both work forces and adult females did the hunting and assemblage. Cro-magnons besides were the first to cultivate and sit Equus caballuss. Homosexual sapiens Archaic were superior to Homo sapiens Neanderthalesis for a assortment of grounds: they were better minds, they were faster, had more precise motions, and had greater technological capacity. Cro-magnons were merely better equipped to manage the universe. And the remainder, they say, is history. Modern worlds do non all expression likewise, as you already know. Since they are spread out over such a huge part, and throughout so many climes, worlds have had to accommodate. They have had, to a little grade, evolve. Development occurs in little, about unperceivable stairss. There are little mutants from one coevals to the following. Anyone possessing a helpful mutant is more likely to reproduce, transporting on the good trait. Likewise, those with negative effects tend to decease out. Returning to the clime illustration: people populating closer to the equator have dark tegument to forestall terrible combustion and possible tegument malignant neoplastic disease, while people populating closer to the poles have whiter tegument because the high sums of melanin are no longer needed for that peculiar clime. These physical differences, though, are merely that: physical. The underlying bodily maps and intelligence that define worlds remain the same. Some people call those with differe nt tegument colour different races. This is non true. Worlds are a race. Naming person with aslant eyes or dark tegument a different race is like naming a long-haired cat a different species than tomcat. It is untrue and dissentious, which is harmful to the human race. This is one of the few disadvantages to intelligence ; animals without intelligence aren? t smart plenty to comprehend that others of their species are different from them if they have a different form on their pelt. They don? T, so they can? t, do judgements based on visual aspects. They don? t divide themselves any more than male from female. We, nevertheless, can do those judgements. And we frequently do, much to our hurt. Our over-analytical heads notice otherwise elusive differences and overstate them, about ever presuming themselves to be the superior 1s. If we are to be successful in the hereafter, spliting worlds into separate races must be stopped. In malice of all this dissentious thought, worlds remain the most successful species on the planet. We have achieved a grade of intelligence unmatched by anything else ; we have conquered nature, learned efficient usage of natural resources, and have spread from Africa to every portion of the Earth. We have evolved from monkeys populating in trees into believing existences with the ability to change their environments to about any manner we choose. And, we? ve developed an advanced civilization. We live in tremendous communities of people, we have extremely specialized divisions of labour, and we have an intricate codification of behaviour. This is alone. No other animals on Earth have this. But with this promotion comes duty. We have the power to make what we want to the Earth. We can continue it or destruct it. Again, this is alone to worlds. So far, we? re making a good occupation of continuing the Earth. But contemporary worlds, Homo sapiens Sapiens, are still germinating. Merely because this is where we are, doesn? t mean this is where we halt. As the millenary base on balls, our civilization and physical characteristics will go on to better and progress. Soon we won? t even be confined to this planet any longer, and so we will genuinely hold conquered it. And our duty for it will increase proportionally. Someday, a new species of worlds will take the topographic point of Homosexual sapiens Sapiens, and we will travel the manner of our ascendants. But until so, our occupation is to do the most of our being here, and to do certain we stick around long plenty for the following species to get. So far, things are looking reasonably good. This paper recieved an # 8220 ; A+ # 8221 ; , and is decidedly NOT refuse. My professer even used it in a instructor # 8217 ; s instructional seminar, so it # 8217 ; s decidedly a good resource. Just so you know = )

Robert A. Dahls book

‘How Democratic Is the American Constitution’ is a book written by Robert A. Dahl that raises many provocative questions and doubts about the U.S. constitutional document. Dahl, the book’s author, is a former president of the Political Science Association of the United States and Yale’s University Sterling Professor Emeritus. To introduce the thesis of the book’s main subject matter, the author sarcastically poses the question ‘How democratic is the American Constitution?’ which also serve as the book’s title.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Robert A. Dahl’s book – â€Å"How Democratic is the American Constitution† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Dahl’s perceptions and opinions, as presented in the text, many American citizens have always held their country’s Constitutional document and the principle this has to embody into their lives, with much honor and esteem. However, majority of the American citizens have always been worried that their esteemed Constitutional draft fails short in addressing some of the crucial aspects affecting the general humanity such as women rights, racial integration, and economic equality (Robert 16). In this text, Dahl explicitly explores the big tension existing between the people’s faith in the credibility of the laws governing their country and their stand on the principles of democracy presented by these laws. In this book, Dahl reminds the American society of the missing link in their constitution; a flaw that makes the sacred draft unqualified as a basis for the country’s democratic system. The book presents the writer’s viewpoint about the Constitution as just a representation of the history that surrounded its creation and implementation. This actually makes him to believe that, most the current Constitutional does not addres s the present day issues affecting the humanity. According to Dahl, the framers of this constitution had failed completely in some respects such as establishment of a strong democratic system of government. Some of the approaches used by the writer to achieve his purpose on the book include the power of transparency, outright critique of American political institutions, and use of reliable evidence and examples to support his claims. More importantly, the writer also applies a gentle but a persistent approach to express his critics on the subject matter. Dahl has widely applied historical evidence throughout the text to reveal the imperfection of the American democracy, as stipulated by the constitution. There is also a wide application of contemporary aspects such as real-life events and other people’s observations by the writer, to provide substantial evidence as to why he thought the American Constitution was indeed undemocratic. A good example of how evidence applies in t he book is observed in various episodes where he compares the American Constitutional system with that of other countries of the same status. Dahl observes that, the most reasonable revisions on the constitution were done more than a century ago and no significant changes have been applied on the document since then.Advertising Looking for book review on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I personally tend to agree with Dahl’s point of view on the American secret document, if I may call it so. We cannot just rise up and start condemning Dahl, simply for his attempts to highlight some of the most unusual elements of the constitution that needs to be revised and amended, to fit the standards of democracy. Despite what many of his critics may tend to observe, Dahl is part of the many brilliant personalities who have openly come out to condemn the many loopholes in the U.S. Constitution. Dahl’s main agenda h ere is to encourage critique of both the American political institutions and the Constitutional system, in a manner that will call for significant amendments on the constitution, thus making it more democratic. Dahl may not have had any big hopes that his claims will succeed in making significant democratic changes in the American Constitution in the immediate future, but his outright observations of the document’s shortcomings have always raised debate and discussions on the matter. This gives him the hope that maybe; with time, this may lead to something more beneficial to the future American generations. One reason why I would agree with Dahl is the issue of the various questionable aspects presently surrounding the American Constitution, as far as democratic representation is concerned. Lieven observes that, â€Å"there is often the issue of unequal senate representation in the U.S. whereby some states continue to receive larger representation compared to others† ( 17). There is really no good reason as to why the Constitution should continue to permit such unequal representation. Another questionable aspect of the Constitution is the system of the Electoral College, normally applied in the selection of American presidents. According to Levinson, â€Å"this system has serious democratic defects† and a good example here is the failure of the person receiving the majority of votes to become the holder of the highest office, in most cases, owing to some confusing elements of the constitution (353). This system raises more questions than answers, especially to the voters who may never get to understand the real sense of democracy as expressed in the constitution. As a matter of fact, this deprives the American residents of their rights of citizenship and democracy. These are some of the parts that need to be amended, so as to make the U.S. Constitution more acceptable as a democratic system of governance. Just as Dahl observes, the U.S. Con stitution has been eluded by other recent developments observed in other democracies in the world.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Robert A. Dahl’s book – â€Å"How Democratic is the American Constitution† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As witnessed from this useful text, Dahl has succeeded at raising informed questions that every patriotic American citizen should be informed about, regarding the nature of the constitution. As a matter of fact, by pointing out some of the many imperfections in the U.S. Constitution and calling for the necessary reforms and amendments, Dahl has fully achieved his purpose on the book. His overview on this crucial matter deserves universal recommendation, for it reminds the Americans of the need to revise their constitution and consider the chances for coming up with a more democratic society, which can only be achieved through a well-drafted constituti on. Dahl’s agenda here is not to condemn or to criticize the U.S. Constitution system, but to offer some light to some of the elements that make the system appear imperfect. By incorporating a number of provocative questions and assertions throughout the text, Dahl challenges all of us to utilize the opportunities we have, to help our country achieve the democratic systems befitting its outstanding status as a Superpower and a global economy leader. Instead of wasting time criticizing Dahl’s indictment of the constitutional structure, it is time for the government to push for immediate reforms on the highlighted sectors and establish a governance system that guarantees the citizens all the rights, opportunities, and liberties which could be found in a more democratic society. Works Cited Levinson, Sanford. â€Å"Looking Abroad When Interpreting the US Constitution: Some Reflections.† Tex. Int’l LJ 39. 17 (2003): 353. Print. Lieven, Anaton. America right o r wrong: an anatomy of American nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Robert, Dahl. How Democratic is the American Constitution? United Kingdom: Yale University Press, 2003. Print.Advertising Looking for book review on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This book review on Robert A. Dahl’s book – â€Å"How Democratic is the American Constitution† was written and submitted by user Alayna Bishop to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alexander Pope and the Scientific Revolution Essays

Alexander Pope and the Scientific Revolution Essays Alexander Pope and the Scientific Revolution Essay Alexander Pope and the Scientific Revolution Essay In the seventeenth century many scientists and philosophers strayed away from the church’s way of thinking and began to seek out their own explanations of the world around them. Scientists questioned, even opposed theories the church had been teaching for centuries. Alexander Pope, a philosophical poet, wrote a very controversial poem that changed a lot of people’s views on God’s divine role in human kind, as well as inspired people to think for themselves. What made Pope’s ideas so unique? How did Pope incorporate the belief of God with the new scientific discoveries of his time? Exploring these questions gives a better understanding of the conflict between science and religion in the seventeenth century, and insight on a man who believed everyone should accept the world as they find it. The scientific revolution was a time of dramatic change. People began asking questions of the world around them, and instead of looking to the church for answers as they had for many years, started coming up with their own theories. Alexander Pope was very interested in the scientific discoveries of his time, particularly those of Sir Isaac Newton, and tried to incorporate them into his faith. This was dangerous however, because the Church opposed all of the new ideas being brought forth, as they felt it was challenging their beliefs. Pope’s main intent was not to oppose the Church; instead, he sought to build a bridge between religion and the new scientific discoveries as a way to glorify God. By writing â€Å"An Essay on Man†, Pope wished to present a God that was different from those in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The faith that he presents in his poem is similar in that it is monotheistic; however, the new ideas he offers on humanity’s role in the universe was incomparable to any other religion at the time. This was just one of many examples of the critical thinking that was beginning to be used in the scientific revolution, and encouraged others to seek out their own explanations of the world around them. For centuries it had been common belief that the earth was the center of the universe and humans were God’s greatest creation; therefore, new discoveries in nature and the universe generally contradicted the Church’s teachings and beliefs. In Pope’s poem â€Å"An Essay on Man†, he explains God’s relationship to the world in a Newtonian way. Pope tried to use the new scientific discoveries in nature and the universe as a way to glorify God, showing that He was everywhere and a part of everything. The poem states that no matter how complex or evil the world seems to humans, it follows the natural order of God, and therefore should be accepted. Pope believes that the ignorance of people to the world around them inhibits their relationship with God. It was this kind of thinking outside of the norm that was present among many philosophers during the scientific revolution. The most important aspect of the scientific revolution is people began to ask questions of the world around them, and sought the answers for themselves. Instead of looking to the church for answers, they began to observe, examine and explore for themselves. Alexander Pope was one of many , who instead of accepting the Church’s beliefs, interpreted the universe and God’s place in it all in his own perspective and encouraged others to do the same.

How to be successful in life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

How to be successful in life - Essay Example However, there are certain principles towards attainment of a successful living that are leading a healthy life, keeping ambitions and struggling towards attainment of these ambitions and planning, all these should be adopted by everyone in order to live a life that is accomplishing. Firstly, one must be healthy, secondly proper actions should be taken towards accomplishment of set goals and thirdly, planning should be there to be successful in life. All these lead to be successful in life. To lead a successful life requires one to be healthy first of all. In my consideration, healthy living is a successful living, which is the first principle to be successful in life. One should have healthy habits if he wants to be successful in life. From our childhood, we have listened to a quote by Benjamin Franklin narrated by our parents that is â€Å"Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.† Being healthy requires one to take proper sleep, take meals on proper time, have a balanced diet, do exercises and adopt everything that is healthy in life. Such a person will have good health and will not be troubled with health issues and will have a healthy mind to think over issues of life. Such a person will make good decisions and will have ample time to think over problems. Time is more precious than anything else and healthy living allows us to utilize all the available time without wasting it (Babson 78). The other principle to get closer to successful living is to do something towards fulfillment of ambitions. It means that we have to act in order to get (Watson 2004). Ben Franklin gives a quote, â€Å"God helps those who help themselves†. To be successful requires one to be sincere with himself. When a person is sincere with himself, he will keep aspirations and will work towards fulfillment of his set aspirations. Our actions speak about our set ambitions and our actions are informative as what we